Speaker 1 So, good morning, everybody, or good afternoon, wherever you are. I'm Heidi Tremaine. I'm EERI's Executive Director. EERI is the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. And I'm going to be sharing, I was asked to share some preliminary observations from some recent earthquakes that have happened. It was a busy summer of earthquakes. And so I'm going to do that. I'm also joined today by Maggie Ortiz-Milan. She is our director of programs and she is our staff lead for our Learning from Earthquakes program. So she's on the line and she may pop in to add some commentary or corrections if there's something that I miss as we go. EERI, the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, as I shared yesterday, we are a membership organization dedicated to understanding earthquake risk and increasing earthquake resilience in communities worldwide. I think as I showed yesterday, many people on this call are members of our organization and we encourage you all to follow us on social to learn more and participate in the many activities we do from events from free webinars that are free and available. So make sure to follow us so that you can find out about opportunities where you can advance your learning. What I'm really speaking about today on this slide, the same slide I showed yesterday, is our learning from earthquakes program in our earthquake clearinghouse. are the two programs where we focus that identify the impacts of earthquakes. So definitely kind of join us, follow us. There's a lot and I will be featuring a few places where you can continue to learn more from some of these earthquakes as we go on. So our flagship program is called Learning from Earthquakes. It's been around since the formation of the Institute, which was in 1948, so for many years. But this program was formalized in 1973 under the name of Learning from Earthquakes. And its goal is to accelerate and increase learning from earthquake-induced disasters that affect the natural, built, social, and political environments worldwide. So we try to have a pretty broad lens about what we're looking at following major earthquakes worldwide. And kind of over the years and over the decades, we've followed more than 300 earthquakes in more than 50 countries. What does a learning from earthquakes response really look like? Actually, they're quite variable, but these are the main activities that we would often do in a response. The one that we're probably most known for is we send out reconnaissance teams. These are teams of volunteer experts that go out to investigate and identify damage and impacts from that earthquake and bring back those lessons and document them so that we can improve future earthquake performance. So that's information that would update future building codes, policy practices, prompt research needs to study impacts that were surprising to us and help grow the knowledge about earthquakes so that we can make improvements for the future. So our reconnaissance teams have long been a tradition of our institute and our major part. But there's many other things that we do as well. We also support the NEHERP post-earthquake investigation plan, which I'll describe shortly. We support clearinghouse operations, both virtual and physical. We also have a virtual earthquake reconnaissance team that we have volunteers that do quick reports within the first week after an earthquake and are sharing findings that they're finding from gleaning from social media and other sources that are vetted and sourced by expert members. We also support coordination for reconnaissance field team deployments of our own, but many others as well. We also will study what we call resilience reconnaissance, which is looking not in the immediate aftermath of an earthquake, but looking in the years following. How has that community become more resilient? What lessons can we learn about the recovery timeline that can influence future behavior? And then, of course, we disseminate all this information through briefings, webinars, reports, publications, you name it, our technical journal. There's a lot of resources that we put out to share the findings of what's there. The data itself is published in many cases. So there's a lot of information that comes out afterwards. And finally, we have a newer program that's maybe about, gosh, it could be going on 10 years old now. It's what we call our travel study program. And that's usually going in the decade or so after major earthquakes. And we send early career members out into the field in a week-long learning exercise to learn about earthquake impacts, learn about what happened in the initial earthquake, what the recoveries looked like, to inform their larger thinking beyond their technical area of expertise, to look at more disciplinary aspects, the more social aspects that they may be missing in their technical education. So that's a key learning program we also run for our members. And we actually have a team going to Taiwan on one of these learning trips, looking at impacts from the Chi Chi earthquakes and some recent earthquakes that will be going just next month, next month in October. But back to our clearinghouses and NEHRP itself. So NEHRP actually has a strong post-earthquake investigation plan. So this is a formally written document and plan. It's published at the USGS website about how they're going to activate their response after earthquakes. And ERI supports that through operating what we call clearinghouses, coordinating engineering reconnaissance teams, and helping in the dissemination activities as well. When we're talking about clearinghouses, which came up a little bit yesterday, I'm just going to dive before we jump into the earthquakes. I just want to explain what a clearinghouse is, since so many of you are either new earthquake program managers, or maybe a lot of experience with emergency management but have yet to experience an earthquake. A technical clearinghouse should be a resource and support to your operation. They are a physical location and also often a virtual location for sharing between the scientific and engineering communities. That is aimed to make sure that the work that is being done by the host communities is collaborated and coordinated and can also be used to inform emergency response and recovery efforts. So by coordinating groups that are in the field, doing this educational look at what an observation, look at what's happening. We also can use them to inform the state operations center and the SOC and other local emergency operations so that they can be informed. They also can be a resource if some part of the emergency response, there's need for some more technical insight or understanding. Sometimes an operations center can also send requests out to members of the clearinghouse, and we seek volunteers to do this to help understand that. There is a little bit of a difference between building tagging, building tagging, like was described yesterday, that's being done in that great Missouri Saves program. It's often that is actioned and delivered as a part of the local, and they're deployed by the local governments to identify tags that are used by the local jurisdiction. Clearinghouse is a companion effort maybe, but they're usually a little bit different. This is a little bit more reconnaissance focused. It's a little bit more educational, but used to inform some of that emergency response, but also gather these lessons for future knowledge and improvements. And NEHRP has a key role in establishing clearinghouses, and ERI supports that as a part of the plan and works with many other partners and states that have clearinghouse plans. If you're thinking about the clearinghouse, yes, it can be a physical location. So this is an example of a location actually after the South Napa earthquake in 2014. And at that location, teams that are going into the field to investigate damage will meet regularly. It controls and helps support, manage access to restricted area. They can make requests for overflights, data collection, a whole variety of things. Daily briefings are happening, and there's a lot of data sharing as well. This one I like, actually, and I want to give a shout out to Ann Rosinski, who's in this slide and who now works for FEMA region here, but formerly was helping to operate the California Earthquake Clearinghouse UCR. This is an image of us at a Caltrans facility, a Department of Transportation facility that was deployed to support the Clearinghouse. The people who are there in the room with Anne and others are geologists, structural engineers, geotechnical engineers, kind of the technical experts, academic university professors and researchers, economists, social scientists, others, maybe researchers in public health that all coordinate together to make sure that we can learn from these earthquakes. Most of the clearinghouses that you'll learn about will have a companion website where information is shared, some maps are shared, there's other tools, and it depends on the state and location where they are. ERI does have a default website that we help to operate for many clearinghouses as well. And as a part of this, ERI is one of the managing partners in California, Washington, Idaho, and formalized clearinghouse plans that they have. And there are several other states that are working on developing plans, and ERI is always available and able to help. We have a lot of connections to a lot of the earthquake reconnaissance groups that send out teams and quickly deploy coordination calls, as you'll hear about. Before I jump into the earthquakes that I was going to talk about, I just thought I'd open to see if anyone had any questions or any part of the clearinghouse or is unclear. Before I jump in, I'm going to share some findings of the many earthquakes that took place this summer. And I'm not seeing raised hands, but if you have something, by all means, just unmute and share it. All right. Hearing nothing, I will continue. I'm hoping there will be time for questions at the end, so feel free. But if you have something that comes up on mute, don't hesitate to interrupt or raise your hand and I'd be happy to address them. So this summer we had a whole series of earthquakes, technically six here, but in five different locations and countries around the world. And I'm going to give you a quick overview of some of the impacts in all of these earthquakes. The earthquakes that I'm sharing, there are more impacts that I'm sharing. We tried to come up with a representative sample of findings and impacts across all these to share with this group so that you'd get a flavor of some of the impacts on hospitals and schools and housing and all of the earthquakes. Many of them had impacts in a lot of areas, and we're sharing a couple examples of those to give you a flavor of what has been seen. But we think across all the earthquakes, you'll have a good sense. I'm starting with the earthquakes that we had a stronger response or more impactful. And then at the end, I have slides for some of the other earthquakes that we have a little bit less information. And I welcome questions as we go. So the first one is the Venezuela earthquakes. So this was actually a doublet event that the two earthquakes actually happened very close together. So you can see it wound up being a pager level red. There were a huge number of fatalities and injuries and significant impacts with more than 60,000 homes impacted. So a major event, especially with a doublet of two magnitude seven earthquakes happening in quick succession. I wanted to use this opportunity because there were two earthquakes just to remind everyone that that can actually happen. It also happened in the Turkey earthquakes. Sometimes one's a foreshock, one's then, or they could be a large aftershock or that one, which I think the Earth scientists debate back and forth and now are calling this doublet phenomenon, which is basically just two parallel earthquakes. But I think for all of you, just to be aware, the United States Geologic Survey, they produce an aftershock forecast after earthquakes. And I thought it would be interesting to flag that to you. And you should look that up. If you do have an earthquake in your region, be aware that they have that. That tells you the probability of a large-scale earthquake in a certain amount of time. And there's a lot of earth science that I don't understand that goes into this. But it is a very useful resource. And they update this forecast like daily, maybe even more than daily, as the length of time occurs after the earthquake. So it's useful for those of you in emergency management to be aware that can happen. And this earthquake gives us a reminder that actually earthquakes might not just be one main shock and small aftershocks. It could be a large one and two large earthquakes even at the same time. For this earthquake for Venezuela, ERI's response, we did launched a virtual clearinghouse website, and the screenshot of that is on the screen here. We also had an earthquake reconnaissance team travel into the field, and we wound up with a report from them. We also had a virtual team before we sent our physical team into the field. And we also had hosted a whole series of reconnaissance coordination calls between many organizations that were considering response. I think we had 80 to 100 people on each of those calls trying to decide if they were going to respond and learn in the immediate within the first week of that earthquake. We had several calls. The team that we decided to send actually just came back reasonably recently. They went kind of well after the response process had ended, and they were really looking at structural impacts primarily. They were able, we also had some other teams and other individuals that had gone before our team went. And we have some special sessions that we had at our conference that happened this summer in July. There's some recordings of that on YouTube. Our reconnaissance team that went into the field is actually going to be sharing a detailed webinar, I think it's an hour and a half usually, on November 12th. So if you're interested more about the specifics of what I'm going to show here, you're welcome to join that. It's free to attend. I strongly encourage you and you'll get the slides after this. So if you want to find the QR code, if you want to attend that event, we welcome all of you to join a great learning opportunity to learn a little bit more about the details of this earthquake. Kind of the initial observations from the field, just to give you a quick highlight of what we were seeing there, that there was our team, as I said, was focused on structural effects, but there was evidence of directionality effects from what they can see. The way the earthquake motions hit, they kind of moved buildings and structures in one particular direction a little bit stronger and it focused the energy in one area and region of the country versus the other. And that can definitely happen. There's a lot that can be learned by studying that as we think about what type of shaking our structures will observe. There was a lot of non-structural damage. So that's cracking of plaster walls, partial failure of walls, especially infill walls, non-structural. So there was a huge amount of that, as well as a lot of evidence of reinforced concrete buildings with damage. And then there were a lot of, because of the non-structural and other hazards, there was a lot of evacuation hazards, even in buildings without structural damage. So kind of something to keep in mind in our emergency management plans. There were also a lot of impacts to housing with a lot of urban housing that was impacted by this earthquake, low-rise, non-engineered concrete frame buildings, but also high-rise buildings that were damaged. And then soft story residential buildings are damaged. Soft stories is a technical term that's used by engineers and maybe less by others, but it basically means that the first floor of the building is a little bit weaker. Maybe it has an open air parking garage underneath, or it's that first level is almost, it just has less structure. And so it's a little bit more open, which makes a weakness. Often that happens if you have kind of office space or commercial spaces, shops or something on the lower fault and housing up above. There's a lot more walls up above and that first floor is vulnerable to damage. And we can see that that type of failure is very common also in the US. We saw a lot of that at the Loma Prieta earthquake in San Francisco. And there's many, there are several jurisdictions in California now working on with mitigation programs to actually fix soft story damage because it's a very solvable engineering challenge, but can cause major impact and full collapse of your structure. There were also impacts throughout Venezuela for lifelines, power outages, water lines damage that caused flooding, natural gas supply shutdowns. The international airport was actually damaged and it took a while for it to even be partially restored. And the port of Guadalajara was closed for quite some time. And there was a lot of concern about investigating and identifying damage in the ports and seeing if they could be reopened to continue to provide resources. So from our team that went in the field, I'm just going to have a few slides that show a few more photos to give you a flavor. But these are the types of housing or of construction that are most common in Venezuela, which is a concrete moment frame, this tall building on the left, which has hollow tile infill. So kind of like bricks that are hollow on the inside here in the United States. We have fewer of those. We're more common. We'll have concrete masonry bricks that have hollow insides. But these are very vulnerable in earthquake because the hollow tiles are unattached and they act like an unreinforced mace ring can cause a lot of damage. There were examples of concrete shear wall buildings, which means they have a big concrete wall, and that is what's supporting them in an earthquake. There were also these cold form steel X braces buildings, and there were several examples of that, as well as buildings that were constructed, their main structures made out of steel with different types of braces like this concentric brace frame. For engineers, there's a lot of nuances about what type of brace and exactly the angle and what that connection is. But for them, for your knowledge, kind of that's the concentric brace frame is shown there. So these are the most common typologies that they saw. And here's some example of the failure. So concrete failures as shown here. This is pretty common if the concrete design, even though they're large structural elements, that if they're designed without the proper detailing and not to modern building codes, this damage is a common failure that we will see in many structures. And we've seen in past earthquakes here in the U.S. and all around the world. In the United States, building codes no longer allow this type of construction. There's a lot more care put into the concrete, the detailing of the steel, which is called rebar inside the concrete, but there's still many old buildings that were built prior to those building codes. So this is still the type of impact that you can see in the United States. And if you remember the size structure in the Loma Prada earthquake, there's evidence of this even in the United States. Here's some other damages of some failure at the joints of some of these concrete buildings that cause concern to engineers. And there's also these non-structural failures. Like I said, these are kind of like clay walls or decorative walls. Some of the plaster on these walls that cause a lot of damage to both people and infrastructure and can definitely affect egress of people exiting buildings. And cause a falling hazard. And I think maybe back if I'm thinking of Mark Benthean today, I would definitely want me to say this is why in the United States we really have the drop cover hold on to prevent things, this non-structural failure for things falling and injuring you during an earthquake. And so that the cover part of drop cover hold on is really a key aspect to prevent this type of damage to people occupying buildings when an earthquake happens. And this kind of shows a little bit more damage. There were full buildings fully collapsed, of course, huge loss of life and a huge tragedy from that, as well as some of these other towers that will need to be damaged. I think there was a little bit of a highlight that they were pleased to see that some of the newer and retrofitted buildings did perform better than the older pre-1967 older concrete buildings, which is good to see. It looks like there was also some retrofitting strategies that seemed to make a big difference as well. So after past earthquakes that they had had in Venezuela, and I think the 1967 was the major earthquake that had happened there, that changed a lot of their building code and construction practices. And I think this is a final slide here in Venezuela, just to get you thinking about what's coming here in the United States. A lot of the engineers right now are talking about how can we make our building codes perform even better. It's one thing to have this building. It looks at the people made out of this building here on the left safely. Their lives were saved, which is a huge blessing and of critical importance. But how long is it going to take that building to be able to restore so people can still live in it? And is that what our community wants? How long will it take to get that to its intended pre-earthquake function? Does it mean people will leave like happened in New Orleans? There's a lot of conversation in the engineering community right now that our current building codes are focused on life safety. So performance like this building on the left would be acceptable. It did not collapse. People were able to escape. Their lives were saved. But that doesn't mean they can reoccupy this building and that this community continued to be resilient and continued to thrive after the earthquake. And so there's a lot of conversation now and engineering about how we can move building codes to a stronger performance standard that would allow some level of reoccupancy and debating back and forth what that might be with policymakers is kind of where that conversation is currently sitting. Of course, the other aspect of this, any changes to the building code now would affect future buildings. We clearly have a lot of old structures, as this earthquake also showed, that can be vulnerable to earthquakes. That is my quick, very, very quick summary on Venezuela. We have that whole webinar. You could learn a lot more. Any quick questions before I jump on? Speaker 2 Hi, this is Brian with QSEC. Are any of these areas where these earthquakes occurred, are they already building to IBC standards or is it a different code level in the countries or the localities? And then were those, you know, any of the more recent IBC built structures, you know, surveyed as part of y'all's reconnaissance, I guess, and how, you know, how they fared? It might be a pretty broad question, but. Speaker 1 Yeah, I'll answer broadly as well. I think they'll talk about that more on the slide. A key part of reconnaissance, definitely when we go, is to identify if buildings that would fit kind of modern U.S. codes were impacted. And across these earthquakes, that is definitely the case. So I think they were looking at that. And I think these notes here indicating that some buildings that were either retrofit or new or did perform well is something that they looked at. And I do believe that could be the case. The way that a lot of countries are building codes, it might not be the IBC itself, but they take like the concrete provisions and they're quite similar. And I think for some of our South American neighbors, neighboring countries, that is the case here. Maggie do you have if you have anything more that you would say but I do believe that some of them would be there but even if you look at the older construction that is still true for older U.S. Speaker 3 construction also yeah I'll just add that for Venezuela and Colombia both as Heidi's going to talk about I think they model their codes often after Chilean codes which are modern so like in the major cities you'll see well-engineered and constructed buildings I think in some of the areas particularly for Venezuela, the area of La Guayera that was a coastal area, the construction practices might have been a little different. So I think there's, that's why the team is going out. They're going to different locations, understand the different construction practices, where codes were adopted, and how construction practices varied, and yeah, how, what that means for buildings in the U.S. and other places in the world. Speaker 2 Thanks. Speaker 1 Any other questions? All right, let me jump on. I have about 15 minutes and we'll see. I've got four more earthquakes to go. Columbia earthquake occurred in August 10th, 2026. This one also was an orange-red pager level, a magnitude 7.4. Large number of fatalities, not quite as large as the other, but still a serious loss of life and many, many homes destroyed with many hundreds of thousands of people impacted from the earthquake as well. For our response for ERI, we did a virtual earthquake clearinghouse website, as you can see here. We launched a virtual earthquake reconnaissance team report, and we had a huge, a large number of volunteers helping to produce that report reasonably quickly. We also held several, and even just last week, several coordination calls of teams that were responding to Colombia. Through these coordination calls, we actually work with a lot of international teams as well, Brian. So teams from Chile and from other countries in South America are going. A lot of them, like we say, have codes that are similar or many aspects of their codes are very similar and built on U.S. codes. And so we definitely coordinate with all these groups because there's a lot that can be found by sharing together. So for this earthquake, there were a lot of teams that were several teams that responded from other countries that we've been in touch with. We also have a reconnaissance team, public health, looking at response and deploying some surveys, I believe. And then we are also working with the many teams that went into the field to do some data coordination. So the information that comes back can be compiled for everyone's sharing and knowledge and make sure that's available to the larger community. You can see that this one, we have a briefing webinar also coming up from the earthquake with a variety of people who have been in the field sharing impacts. This will be on October 22nd. So if you want to learn more about this particular earthquake, there will be a lot shared on that call. And I would strongly encourage you to join that, too. So in this one, this is an example. I think in Venezuela, I didn't mention anything about hospitals and public health. But clearly, like I said, these impacts do cross many of these earthquakes we're just featuring here. But we, ERI, as a part of our Learning from Earthquakes program, we do have a public health subcommittee that's actually looking at public health. They look a lot at hospital performance. They have a variety of surveys that they deploy to understand the impacts of public health and support a variety of learning. But we have knowledge here that there were 402 health centers that were affected. And of course, water systems also impact the performance of hospitals and public health in general. And so, you know, nearly 200 water systems that were affected by this earthquake as well. There were some full or partial collapsed hospitals even, and many outdoor hospital facilities that were erected to support response to this earthquake. And as I just said, this water infrastructure damage does create a lot of public health concerns about waterborne illness and other aspects. um there were also impacts to housing from this one which is a kind of a common thread and maybe not a surprise to those of you on this call but there were um collapsed and partially collapsed structures across a variety of building types um informal construction can be common and was common in this region of columbia and a lot of that is unreinforced masonry um also earthen structures so adobe and earth structures that are common there too and then damage to concrete frame buildings as well and then kind of the similar experience in venezuela just there was a lot of loss of functionality in buildings because of non-structural damage so partition walls and others there's a couple example photos here of the types of damage that we're seeing which maybe also make me think of the presentation we saw in missouri kind of similar actually some quite similar pictures of some of the impacts to some of those structures from the tornado so to give a sense that that it is kind of common and there's can be a lot learned across those different responses um this there's also some an interesting effect for how they um did emergency response so each jurisdiction originally had their own tagging process they were using you can see the spray paint on this one, marking it a red tag with spray paint, which we've seen in many earthquakes before. But within a few days after earthquake, they actually deployed a unified process across jurisdictions. But there's been some confusion about how that continued to work. Maggie, is this something that will be shared a little bit more on the call on the webinar that we have? Speaker 3 Yeah, I think they'll talk about it. There's been a lot of the engineering community effort has has gone into supporting the massive building tagging effort. And I think because of that, they've really developed this unified system so that all the information and overall impacts of the earthquake could be presented. So there's now a database that they're slowly feeding information into that the webinar will cover. Speaker 1 Yeah. So if those of you are interested in this aspect, definitely that might be something of interest to you. Any questions about Columbia? Maggie, anything I should have mentioned about Columbia that I missed here in this quick summary? Okay. Oh, go ahead. Speaker 3 No, nothing. Speaker 1 So I still have a few more earthquakes here. It really was a busy summer. There was an earthquake in Udo, Japan, actually in a region that had experienced earthquakes just a few years ago. So kind of an interesting one from this magnitude 7 that actually happened in 2016, and 10 years later having a very similar size earthquake in the same region, which draws some parallels and is interesting to see. This also because of the population density there resulted in an orange red pager, US pager alert. A few fatalities as well and several injuries, and also evacuation centers deployed and a good amount of damage, even though there weren't fatalities. We wound up launching an earthquake page. We wound up doing a virtual earthquake report, And we actually are sending a team coming up next month, traveling a little bit in the aftermath to study lifeline performance. So looking at the infrastructure, water, power, electric, and trying to identify some lessons there. Our teams that study lifeline impacts find that it's better for them to travel a few months after the earthquake when the utility providers, they can get secure more access and they have a little bit more time to provide some lessons and sharing. So they will be traveling soon. And when they return, they will also do a webinar briefing on what they've discovered there with this focus primarily on the lifeline systems and lessons. I imagine whenever we have a team there, even if they have a single focus area, we usually hear a lot of other findings. So I would encourage you to do that, to follow that as well if you're interested. There was impacts to hospitals with damage, power outages, water outages, gas system failures, and several major hospitals suspended in outpatient services and scheduled hospitalizations. So there was definitely impact to the health infrastructure as a result of this. And the earthquake was also unfortunately followed by these high temperatures, which caused additional problems with displaced populations. There are impacts again to housing and other buildings. Japan building codes are quite strong and very similar to those similar in many respects to those in the United States. There's some differences, but kind of very high, well engineered structures. There also are just like the United States, older structures that were built prior to modern building codes as well. So this timber for low rise buildings is quite common there. And then reinforced concrete or steel for mid to high rise buildings, as is common in the United States. Those are the common typologies. There was a collapse of a chimney and a gas explosion was also in the news you might have seen at a shopping mall that caused collapse of the building second story. So kind of it was an indirect earthquake impact that caused this gas explosion that caused life loss and some major impacts as well. and there were multiple the reason we're going to look at lifelines was because of some of the major impacts that we saw there so you can see that bridge collapses some train impacts japan uses a pretty extensive train network the airways with flights canceled and some ground subsidence and liquefaction at the port so liquefaction is when the water if it's very wet and sandy in the underlayer that it becomes a liquid fluid temporarily and can cause a lot of damage to structures and infrastructure. Clearly ports being at the waterfront are particularly susceptible and there's a lot that can be learned and a lot of work that ports do in general to try to mitigate earthquake impacts and prevent kind of liquefaction damage. So there's always a lot to be learned that's kind of shared to that community as well. Any questions about Japan? Speaker 4 Hi, this is Paula from the Missouri State Emergency Management Agency. I'm interested in utilities as a whole, what you've touched on with Columbia and then also Japan. My question's kind of so broad that I don't know how to word it. I guess with building damage assessment and resilience, there's like a good sense of retrofit strategies to make building stronger and then post damage rapid building assessments of like many kinds. What is the equivalent of like, where are utilities at with that? Because you mentioned that detailed damage assessments were kind of only feasible a few months out? Are there like, like strategies to make the more resilient to earthquakes that have been successful? Like kind of what are you seeing with utilities? Speaker 1 Yeah, I will comment that utilities are unique and different in many ways. A lot of it is the ownership infrastructure and the number of utility companies that operate and provide our utility services. I think a lot of the general public isn't aware of how many different small companies are involved in providing the utilities that you need from telecommunications to water to wastewater. And so they're also kind of regulated in a different way, whereas buildings are often building by building. The city is responsible. A lot of lifelines and utilities are by the utility companies. They're managed by broader legislation and policy as well. Um, the reason we send teams a little bit later is because to actually investigate and understand the damage, we have to talk to the utility companies directly. And a lot of that information is private. So kind of having the right relationship to study it from our side and find the broader lessons that could be shared to others takes a little bit of time and relationship building. Utilities themselves often, for any sort of outage, right, clearly have their own response processes and respond to earthquakes in their own way. Some are well more prepared than others, depending on how they handle their risk. There's a lot of talk in the engineering community that a lot of focus for many decades has been on buildings and building infrastructure. And there's more work to be done on achieving greater consistency across lifeline performance. and continuing to focus on how it can improve that moving forward. So I think your interest there is warranted. It's the technical, not even necessarily the technical complexity, the administrative complexity of the ownership structure of utilities makes it uniquely challenging. There are many technical solutions like flexible pipes that can be put in an underground pipe to deal with this. So there's a lot to be, there's a lot of work that's there and a lot that can be implemented. And it really varies significantly on the infrastructure provider, how much of a plan they have and how much they've made their utility systems resilient. Two things I would encourage is that we do have a learning from earthquakes lifelines committee. I told you we had one on public health. We all have one that studies lifelines. They're just having it's an open committee. They would encourage you to listen in and kind of hear what they're saying and what they're talking about. They think about what they see internationally and have responses. So there's a lot to be learned there. And yeah, I encourage you to listen to these webinars. And if you want to reach out to me privately, I'd also be happy to connect you with some individuals if that would be useful. Did that answer? Speaker 4 Yeah, it's awesome. Thank you so much. Speaker 1 Perfect. Yeah. And there is a lot of concern. And even in like the NEHRP legislation, the broad national legislation, there was a stronger emphasis put into lifelines in the recent cycle and seeing how we can kind of progress that progress or kind of move those infrastructure systems further. Any other questions before I jump? And I know I have about four minutes left, but the other earthquakes I will go through quickly. But any quick questions? all right so the philippines so there was also a magnitude 7.8 so very large magnitude that occurred in the philippines in june um it caused it it caused some life loss as well but a huge amount of displacement you can see a million people over a million a million and a half people impacted and 92 000 people displaced so major major impacts um but with less loss of life we had an earthquake page we had a virtual team report and we actually partnered with some other organizations that were studying some landslide impacts and gear is a geotechnical response they look at ground failures and a variety of other things so they also produced a report so we also have posted some reports of partners on our website as well if you want to learn more about the impacts here this is another one that had a huge aftershock sequence and kind of just how it happened in this particular earthquake. I think earth scientists, there's a reason why it happened. I don't know it, but you could see this impact, the many, many aftershocks that occurred, and how these aftershocks really impeded search and rescue and caused some challenges for their response in this particular earthquake. There were also impacts to schools, which we haven't mentioned in the other earthquakes, but is also common. It occurred on the first day of school. Classes were suspended about 4 million students impacted with very few only about 10% resuming the next day so it caused a delay in their educational system and a good number sustained structural damage and needed longer term repairs so major impacts to their school infrastructure there were also impacts to housing in the Philippines the most common is a kind of low-rise concrete buildings with hollow block infill so kind of like the hollow brick infill And these, any sort of hollow block that is unreinforced is just very vulnerable to earthquake damage. It acts like unreinforced bricks, which have no structure in which to hold them together and they kind of fall apart and cause damage. And most of the damaged tomes had that type of hollow block without any vertical reinforcement to hold those together or to connect them to the rest of the structure. There were also soft stories, the ones I talked about with that weak lower floor that were damaged. These are common things I would expect to see in earthquakes. These types of structures are very vulnerable. And they also had some damage with some that looked like they had some flood mitigation or tsunami mitigation and having some stilts. But those caused this soft story damage. So I think it's also a lesson to all of us to think about when we're mitigating one hazard, we do want to consider others, right? So if you're mitigating and you want to help with coastal sea level rise and flooding, you don't want to forget earthquakes and cause yourself a secondary problem from a secondary hazard. And we want to make sure that we're all working collaboratively on these multi-hazards to improve resilience more broadly. Lifelines here and more lifeline impacts here. Gosh, almost a million people without power. So large electric outages, significant disruption to water. The ports were partially operable with some shipping being rerouted. Airport damaged the control tower and terminal, which can also happen from liquefaction, other impacts. And then you can even see our reconnaissance report. There were people looking at landslides. So there was a good amount of landslide disruptions also to their transportation network. And I will jump into my final earthquake. And thank you, Maggie, for putting all these links into the chat. If you want to go and learn more or see these reports, I encourage you to do so. So finally, the Indonesia earthquake in August. This was a magnitude 7.7, so another very large magnitude earthquake. Pager level, however, being yellow, with a little bit offshore also. A hundred or so fatalities, so on the lower scale, which is really good to see, but a lot of residential damage and many people displaced as well. We had an event LFE page, virtual commerce reconnaissance report, and we also have a resource we called a World Housing Encyclopedia. This is a database we have of reports that document housing construction typologies, the most common housing types in countries around the world. So we actually leveraged that resource to identify the common typologies, and we used some reports from that to inform our response as well, to understand what common types of construction are there and how they would be impacted from the earthquake. And those are often linked from our clearinghouse pages too for those going into the field or those just curious what's the common construction types there. Indonesia suffered damage to their hospitals with a lot of severe damage and moderate damage and patients needing to be evacuated from several places. Field emergency field hospital set up and having the Navy deployed as well to provide additional medical support. Because the earthquake occurred offshore, a tsunami warning was issued, and there was a local tsunami that was observed of over two meters. Indonesia has experienced many major earthquakes, but the 1992 tsunami in that region killed many people. And so many of the residents had a lot of memory of this event and influenced their decision to evacuate or leave. So also for those of us with tsunami hazard here in the United States that don't have a lot of that memory, kind of clearly, as all of you guys know, up in Cascadia, there's a lot more education to be done. But having that kind of memory of that experience affects the response as well. So in my rush to get through, and Brian, I think I'm already throwing you over by a couple minutes here, but I just wanted to close with two more slides, if that's all right. these are the webinars coming up so if you just take a note of the date we'll send out the information i think maggie put the links to register in the chat as well so you can find them if you want to learn more about these earthquakes and then of course i just need to acknowledge the support that we get from fema that supports a lot of our clearinghouse preparedness work so that we can deploy clearinghouse websites and then we have a major endowment that we've raised over the last 10 years that is now supporting our response to earthquakes and the work we do isn't possible without having the financial resources to kind of deploy. And I will say our volunteers right now, all this work is run by a volunteer committee. And many volunteers that are on our reconnaissance team, like just hundreds of volunteers have been involved in all these responses, and they are all a little tired. So it's been a busy summer and just saddened to see so many impacts on local populations there. And hopefully we've learned some things that will prevent this type of damage in the future.